• tricky
  • hidden feature
  • quick edit gitconfig
  • create git patch
  • get current branch
  • get previous branch
  • quick push to current branch
  • remove warning: CRLF will be replaced by LF in xxx file for .gitattributes
  • create multiple commits
  • revision
  • git commit
  • git path
  • .gitattributes
  • git summaries
  • who-am-i
  • find bug with bisect
  • view file at specific commit
  • edit .gitignore after committing
• trailers
  • git config
  • generate trailers
  • show trailers
• scripts
  • fetch merge all
  • gfall
  • iGitOpt
  • hook
• refspec
• others
  • alias
  • check help in previw.app
  • disk size
  • How is git commit sha1 formed

tricky

hidden feature

git var

$ git var GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT
marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com> 1719963678 -0700

$ git var -l

git verify-commit

quick edit gitconfig

$ git config --edit --global

# quick repalce config
$ git config --global --replace-all core.pager cat

create git patch

$ git diff --no-color HEAD^..HEAD > <name>.patch

# or
$ git format-patch HEAD^^           # create 3 patch files automatically
$ git format-patch -1 <revision>    # create 1 patch file only

get current branch

$ git branch
  sandbox/marslo
* master

• branch

  $ git branch --show-current
  
  # or
  $ git branch --show
  
  # or
  $ git branch | sed -ne 's:^\*\s*\(.*\)$:\1:p'
  master
  

• symbolic-ref

  $ git symbolic-ref --short HEAD
  master
  
  $ git symbolic-ref HEAD
  refs/heads/master
  

• name-rev

  $ git name-rev --name-only HEAD
  remotes/origin/master
  

• describe

  $ git describe --contains --all HEAD
  master
  

get previous branch

get previous branch name

$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{-1}
refs/heads/sandbox/marslo/291

or

$ git describe --all $(git rev-parse @{-1})
heads/sandbox/marslo/291

checkout to previous branch

$ git checkout -

• or

  $ git checkout @{-1}
  

quick diff with previous branch

$ git diff ..@{-1}

# or
$ git diff @..@{-1}

# or
$ git diff HEAD..@{-1}

quick push to current branch

$ git push origin @

# or
$ git push origin HEAD

remove warning: CRLF will be replaced by LF in xxx file for .gitattributes

$ git add --all -u --renormalize .

• or ignore the warning

  $ git config --global core.safecrlf false
  

create multiple commits

$ for c in {0..10}; do
    echo "$c" >> squash.txt
    git add squash.txt
    git commit -m "add '${c}' to squash.txt"
done

revision

the first revision

$ git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD

git commit

emoji

git path

get absolute root path

$ git rev-parse --show-toplevel

get relative root path

$ git rev-parse --show-cdup

get absolute root path inside submodules

$ git rev-parse --show-superproject-working-tree

get .git path

$ git rev-parse --git-dir

inside the work tree or not

$ git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree

.gitattributes

Refreshing the repository after committing .gitattributes

reference:

• Please Add .gitattributes To Your Git Repository
• Git tip: Add a .gitattributes file to deal with line endings
• gitattributes - Defining attributes per path
• Force LF eol in git repo and working copy

$ rm -rf .git/index
# or
$ git rm --cached -r .
# or
$ git ls-files -z | xargs -0 rm

$ git reset --hard

or

$ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes
$ git add --renormalize .
$ git status        # Show files that will be normalized
$ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization"

format

reference Be a Git ninja: the .gitattributes file

$ cat .gitattributes
*             text=auto
*.sh          eol=lf
path/to/file  eol=lf

git summaries

get repo active days

$ git log --pretty='format: %ai' $1 |
      cut -d ' ' -f 2 |
      sort -r |
      uniq |
      awk '{ sum += 1 } END {print sum}'

get commit count

• since particular commit

  $ git log --oneline <hash-id> |
        wc -l |
        tr -d ' '
  635
  

• since the initial commit

  $ git log --oneline |
        wc -l |
        tr -d ' '
  780
  

get all files count in the repo

$ git ls-files | wc -l | tr -d ' '

get contributors

$ git shortlog -n -s -e
   110   marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
    31   marslo <marslo@xxx.com>

collection

$ git shortlog -n -s -e |
      awk ' {
        sum += $1
        if ($NF in emails) {
            emails[$NF] += $1
        } else {
            email = $NF
            emails[email] = $1
            # set commits/email to empty
            $1=$NF=""
            sub(/^[[:space:]]+/, "", $0)
            sub(/[[:space:]]+$/, "", $0)
            name = $0
            if (name in names) {
                # when the same name is associated with existed email,
                # merge the previous email into the later one.
                emails[email] += emails[names[name]]
                emails[names[name]] = 0
            }
            names[name] = email
        }
      } END {
        for (name in names) {
            email = names[name]
            printf "%6d\t%s\n", emails[email], name
      }
    }'
   141  marslo

format the author

$ git shortlog -n -s -e | awk '
  { args[NR] = $0; sum += $0 }
  END {
    for (i = 1; i <= NR; ++i) {
      printf "%s♪%2.1f%%\n", args[i], 100 * args[i] / sum
    }
  }
  ' | column -t -s♪ | sed "s/\\\x09/\t/g"
   110  marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>  78.0%
    31  marslo <marslo@xxx.com>         22.0%

show diff file only

$ git log --numstat --pretty="%H" --author=marslo HEAD~3..HEAD
9fdb297ba0d2d51975e91d2b7e40fb5e96be4f5f

8       1       docs/artifactory/artifactory.md
095ec79c89d98831c0a485f55011bf81c6f712ad

49      11      docs/linux/disk.md
5       1       docs/osx/util.md
f15a40c8dea2927db54570268aca4203cd50a416

1       0       docs/SUMMARY.md
-       -       docs/screenshot/tools/ms/outlook-keychain-1.png
81      0       docs/tools/ms.md

repo age

$ git log --reverse --pretty=oneline --format="%ar" |
      head -n 1 |
      LC_ALL=C sed 's/ago//'
4 months

who-am-i

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• Can I hold git credentials in environment variables?
• git-tool credential

# show default credential
$ echo -e 'protocol=https\nhost=github.com' | git credential fill
protocol=https
host=github.com
username=marslo
password=gho_jzuA**************************1VRqXz

# show antoher credential with specific subpath
$ echo -e 'protocol=https\nhost=github.com/mdevapraba' | git credential fill
protocol=https
host=github.com/mdevapraba
username=marslojiao-mvl
password=ghp_ppHq*************************g1PXSvr

• reject the cached

  $ echo -e 'protocol=https\nhost=github.com' | git credential reject
  

find bug with bisect

$ git bisect start
$ git bisect bad                 # current commit is bad
$ git bisect good <commit-hash>  # a known good commit

view file at specific commit

$ git show <commit-hash>:path/to/file

edit .gitignore after committing

$ echo "node_modules/" >> .gitignore
$ git rm -r --cached node_modules/
$ git commit -m "Update .gitignore"

trailers

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• git interpret-trailers
• git log
• git commit
• Git Trailers
• mmcclimon/git-slog.pl
• What is the Sign Off feature in Git for?
• Git magic keywords in commit messages (Signed-off-by, Co-authored-by, Fixes, ...)

git config

[!TIP|label:tips:]

• if trailer.sign.command is not set, the default value is git var GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT
• if trailer.sign.key set as "Signed-off-by: ", it will impacted the git log --format=%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by:,valueonly,separator=%x2C)

$ git config --global trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by"
$ git config --global trailer.sign.ifmissing add
$ git config --global trailer.sign.ifexists doNothing
$ git config --global trailer.sign.command "echo \"$(git config user.name) <$(git config user.email)>\""

# or
$ cat ~/.gitconfig
[trailer "sign"]
  key               = Signed-off-by
  ifmissing         = add
  ifexists          = doNothing
  command           = echo \"$(git config user.name) <$(git config user.email)>\"

generate trailers

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• Git sign off previous commits?

$ git var GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT | sed -n 's/^\(.*>\).*$/Signed-off-by: \1/p'

## commit-msg.sample

# Uncomment the below to add a Signed-off-by line to the message.
# Doing this in a hook is a bad idea in general, but the prepare-commit-msg
# hook is more suited to it.
#
# SOB=$(git var GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT | sed -n 's/^\(.*>\).*$/Signed-off-by: \1/p')
# grep -qs "^$SOB" "$1" || echo "$SOB" >> "$1"

# This example catches duplicate Signed-off-by lines.
test "" = "$(grep '^Signed-off-by: ' "$1" |
         sort | uniq -c | sed -e '/^[   ]*1[    ]/d')" || {
        echo >&2 Duplicate Signed-off-by lines.
        exit 1
}

• by template

  $ cat ~/.git-template
  Signed-off-by: Your Name <your.email@example.com>
  
  $ git config commit.template ~/.git-template
  

commit

$ git commit --signoff
# or
$ git commit -s

• with control

  declare signed="$(git log -n1 --format='%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by,valueonly,separator=%x2C)' | command grep -q "$(git config user.email)"; echo $?)";
  if [ 0 -eq ${signed} ]; then
    OPT='commit --amend --allow-empty';
  else
    OPT='commit --signoff --amend --allow-empty';
  fi;
  

• i.e.:

  [alias]
  ### [c]ommit [a]dd [a]all
  caa         = "!f() { \
                        git add --all; \
                        declare signed=\"$(git log -n1 --format='%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by,valueonly,separator=%x2C)' | command grep -q \"$(git config user.email)\"; echo $?)\"; \
                        if [ 0 -eq ${signed} ]; then \
                          git commit --amend --no-edit --allow-empty;\
                        else \
                          git commit --signoff --amend --no-edit --allow-empty;\
                        fi; \
                      }; f \
  

show trailers

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• Git - Detect if commit is signed off
• Git: How to list specific trailers (footers) in git-log format?

$ git log -n1 --format='%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by:,valueonly,separator=%x2C)'
marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>

$ git log -n1 --format='%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by:,keyonly,separator=%x2C)'
Signed-off-by

# or
$ git log -n1 --format=%B | git interpret-trailers --parse
Signed-off-by: marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
Change-Id: I3cc1cb4cfaf4300d2e7972eb39a7319e81012c65

# or
$ git log -1 --pretty=format:"%b"
Signed-off-by: marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
Change-Id: I3cc1cb4cfaf4300d2e7972eb39a7319e81012c65

# or
$ git log --pretty=format:"%b" | command grep -E "^(Signed-off-by|Co-authored-by):"

configure and format

• Signed-off-by:

  $ git config --global trailer.sign.key 'Signed-off-by: '
  $ git log -1 --format="%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by,valueonly,separator=%x2C)"
  
  $ git log -1 --format="%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by: ,valueonly,separator=%x2C)"
  marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
  

• Signed-off-by

  $ git config --global trailer.sign.key 'Signed-off-by'
  
  $ git log -1 --format="%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by: ,valueonly,separator=%x2C)"
  
  $ git log -1 --format="%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by:,valueonly,separator=%x2C)"
  marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
  $ git log -1 --format="%(trailers:key=Signed-off-by,valueonly,separator=%x2C)"
  marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
  

scripts

fetch merge all

$ cat ~/.gitconfig
...
[alias]
  ua          = "!bash -c 'while read branch; do \n\
                   echo -e \"\\033[1;33m~~> ${branch}\\033[0m\" \n\
                   git fetch --all --force; \n\
                   if [ 'meta/config' == \"${branch}\" ]; then \n\
                     git fetch origin --force refs/${branch}:refs/remotes/origin/${branch} \n\
                   fi \n\
                   git rebase -v refs/remotes/origin/${branch}; \n\
                   git merge --all --progress refs/remotes/origin/${branch}; \n\
                   git remote prune origin; \n\
                   if git --no-pager config --file $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)/.gitmodules --get-regexp url; then \n\
                     git submodule sync --recursive; \n\
                     git submodule update --init --recursive \n\
                   fi \n\
                 done < <(git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD) '"
...

gfall

iGitOpt

• ig.sh

--stat

$ git diff --stat HEAD^ HEAD
 docs/programming/groovy/groovy.md |  1 +
 docs/vim/tricky.md                | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

• for particular account

  $ git --no-pager diff --author='marslo' --stat HEAD^ HEAD
   docs/programming/groovy/groovy.md |  1 +
   docs/vim/tricky.md                | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
   2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
  

--numstat

$ git --no-pager log --numstat --author="marslo" HEAD^..HEAD
commit c361ddf2687319f978bb4ec0069b4b996607615f (HEAD -> marslo, origin/marslo)
Author: marslo <marslo.jiao@gmail.com>
Date:   Wed Jul 28 22:21:03 2021 +0800

    add bufdo for vim

1   0   docs/programming/groovy/groovy.md
60  21  docs/vim/tricky.md

• for total count of changes

  $ git log --numstat --pretty="%H" --author="marslo" HEAD^..HEAD |
        awk 'NF==3 {plus+=$1; minus+=$2} END {printf("+%d, -%d\n", plus, minus)}'
  +61, -21
  

• or for pretty format

  $ git log HEAD^..HEAD --numstat --pretty="%H" |
        awk 'NF==3 {added+=$1; deleted+=$2} NF==1 {commit++} END {printf("total lines added: +%d\ntotal lines deleted: -%d\ntotal commits: %d\n", added, deleted, commit)}'
  total lines added: +61
  total lines deleted: -21
  total commits: 1
  

• or

  $ git log --numstat --format="" HEAD^..HEAD |
        awk '{files += 1}{ins += $1}{del += $2} END{print "total: "files" files, "ins" insertions(+) "del" deletions(-)"}'
  total: 2 files, 61 insertions(+) 21 deletions(-)
  

  git alias

  [alias]
  summary = "!git log --numstat --format=\"\" \"$@\" | awk '{files += 1}{ins += $1}{del += $2} END{print \"total: \"files\" files, \"ins\" insertions(+) \"del\" deletions(-)\"}' #"
  

--shortstat

$ git diff --shortstat HEAD^..HEAD
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

• or check for multiple commits

  $ git diff  $(git log -5 --pretty=format:"%h" | tail -1) --shortstat
   7 files changed, 253 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
  

hook

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• git提交待审核代码，报错没有change-id的解决方法
• git add Signed-off-by line using format.signoff not working

• commit-msg for signed-off-by

  commit-message for change-id

  #!/bin/sh
  
  NAME=$(git config user.name)
  EMAIL=$(git config user.email)
  
  if [ -z "$NAME" ]; then
    echo "empty git config user.name"
    exit 1
  fi
  
  if [ -z "$EMAIL" ]; then
    echo "empty git config user.email"
    exit 1
  fi
  
  git interpret-trailers --if-exists doNothing --trailer \
      "Signed-off-by: $NAME <$EMAIL>" \
      --in-place "$1"
  

• commit-msg for change-id

  commit-message for change-id

  #!/bin/sh
  # From Gerrit Code Review 2.6
  #
  # Part of Gerrit Code Review (http://code.google.com/p/gerrit/)
  #
  # Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  #
  
  unset GREP_OPTIONS
  
  CHANGE_ID_AFTER="Bug|Issue"
  MSG="$1"
  
  # Check for, and add if missing, a unique Change-Id
  #
  add_ChangeId() {
    clean_message=`sed -e '
    /^diff --git a\/.*/{
    s///
    q
    }
    /^Signed-off-by:/d
    /^#/d
    ' "$MSG" | git stripspace`
    if test -z "$clean_message"; then return; fi
  
    # Does Change-Id: already exist? if so, exit (no change).
    if grep -i '^Change-Id:' "$MSG" >/dev/null; then return; fi
  
    id=`_gen_ChangeId`
    T="$MSG.tmp.$$"
    AWK=awk
    if [ -x /usr/xpg4/bin/awk ]; then
      # Solaris AWK is just too broken
      AWK=/usr/xpg4/bin/awk
    fi
  
    # How this works:
    # - parse the commit message as (textLine+ blankLine*)*
    # - assume textLine+ to be a footer until proven otherwise
    # - exception: the first block is not footer (as it is the title)
    # - read textLine+ into a variable
    # - then count blankLines
    # - once the next textLine appears, print textLine+ blankLine* as these
    # aren't footer
    # - in END, the last textLine+ block is available for footer parsing
    $AWK '
    BEGIN {
    # while we start with the assumption that textLine+
    # is a footer, the first block is not.
    isFooter = 0
    footerComment = 0
    blankLines = 0
    }
  
    # Skip lines starting with "#" without any spaces before it.
    /^#/ { next }
  
    # Skip the line starting with the diff command and everything after it,
    # up to the end of the file, assuming it is only patch data.
    # If more than one line before the diff was empty, strip all but one.
    /^diff --git a/ {
      blankLines = 0
      while (getline) { }
      next
    }
  
    # Count blank lines outside footer comments
    /^$/ && (footerComment == 0) {
      blankLines++
      next
    }
  
    # Catch footer comment
    /^\[[a-zA-Z0-9-]+:/ && (isFooter == 1) {
      footerComment = 1
    }
  
    /]$/ && (footerComment == 1) {
      footerComment = 2
    }
  
    # We have a non-blank line after blank lines. Handle this.
    (blankLines > 0) {
      print lines
      for (i = 0; i < blankLines; i++) {
        print ""
      }
  
      lines = ""
      blankLines = 0
      isFooter = 1
      footerComment = 0
    }
  
    # Detect that the current block is not the footer
    (footerComment == 0) && (!/^\[?[a-zA-Z0-9-]+:/ || /^[a-zA-Z0-9-]+:\/\//) {
      isFooter = 0
    }
  
    {
      # We need this information about the current last comment line
      if (footerComment == 2) {
        footerComment = 0
      }
      if (lines != "") {
        lines = lines "\n";
      }
      lines = lines $0
    }
  
    # Footer handling:
    # If the last block is considered a footer, splice in the Change-Id at the
    # right place.
    # Look for the right place to inject Change-Id by considering
    # CHANGE_ID_AFTER. Keys listed in it (case insensitive) come first,
    # then Change-Id, then everything else (eg. Signed-off-by:).
    #
    # Otherwise just print the last block, a new line and the Change-Id as a
    # block of its own.
    END {
    unprinted = 1
    if (isFooter == 0) {
    print lines "\n"
    lines = ""
    }
    changeIdAfter = "^(" tolower("'"$CHANGE_ID_AFTER"'") "):"
    numlines = split(lines, footer, "\n")
    for (line = 1; line <= numlines; line++) {
    if (unprinted && match(tolower(footer[line]), changeIdAfter) != 1) {
    unprinted = 0
    print "Change-Id: I'"$id"'"
    }
    print footer[line]
    }
    if (unprinted) {
    print "Change-Id: I'"$id"'"
    }
    }' "$MSG" > "$T" && mv "$T" "$MSG" || rm -f "$T"
  }
  
  _gen_ChangeIdInput() {
    echo "tree `git write-tree`"
    if parent=`git rev-parse "HEAD^0" 2>/dev/null`; then
      echo "parent $parent"
    fi
    echo "author `git var GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT`"
    echo "committer `git var GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT`"
    echo
    printf '%s' "$clean_message"
  }
  _gen_ChangeId() {
    _gen_ChangeIdInput |
    git hash-object -t commit --stdin
  }
  
  add_ChangeId
  

refspec

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• 10.5 Git Internals - The Refspec

others

alias

show git alias

$ git --list-cmds=alias

# or
$ git config --get-regexp '^alias\.'

[alias]
  # https://stackoverflow.com/q/53841043/2940319
  ### show [g]it alia[s]
  as         = "! bash -c '''grep --no-group-separator -A1 -e \"^\\s*###\" \"$HOME\"/.marslo/.gitalias | \n\
                              awk \"END{if((NR%2))print p}!(NR%2){print\\$0p}{p=\\$0}\" | \n\
                              sed -re \"s/( =)(.*)(###)/*/g\" | \n\
                              sed -re \"s:[][]::g\" | \n\
                              awk -F* \"{printf \\\"\\033[1;33m%-20s\\033[0m » \\033[0;34m%s\\033[0m\\n\\\", \\$1, \\$2}\" | \n\
                              sort \n\
                           '''"

• or

  [alias]
    alias = "!sh -c '[ $# = 2 ] && git config --global alias.\"$1\" \"$2\" && exit 0 || [ $# = 1 ] && [ $1 = \"--list\" ] && git config --list | grep \"alias\\.\" | sed \"s/^alias\\.\\([^=]*\\)=\\(.*\\).*/\\1@@@@=>@@@@\\2/\" | sort | column -ts \"@@@@\" && exit 0 || echo \"usage: git alias <new alias> <original command>\\n       git alias --list\" >&2 && exit 1' -"
  

• or

  [alias]
    aliases = !git config --get-regexp ^alias\\. | sed -e s/^alias.// -e s/\\ /\\ $(printf \"\\043\")--\\>\\ / | column -t -s $(printf \"\\043\")
  

• or

  $ git config --global --get-regexp alias |
        awk -v nr=2 '{sub(/^alias\./,"")}; \
                     { printf "\033[31m%_10s\033[1;37m", $1}; \
                     {sep=FS}; \
                     {for (x=nr; x<=NF; x++) \
                     { printf "%s%s", sep, $x; }; \
                     print "\033[0;39m"}'
  

  • finda

    [alias]
      finda = "!grepalias() { git config --global --get-regexp alias | grep -i \"$1\" | awk -v nr=2 '{sub(/^alias\\./,\"\")};{printf \"\\033[31m%_10s\\033[1;37m\", $1};{sep=FS};{for (x=nr; x<=NF; x++) {printf \"%s%s\", sep, $x; }; print \"\\033[0;39m\"}'; }; grepalias"
    

• or show-cmd

  [alias]
      show-cmd = "!f() { \
          sep="㊣" ;\
          name=${1:-alias};\
          echo -n -e '\\033[48;2;255;255;01m' ;\
          echo -n -e '\\033[38;2;255;0;01m' ;\
          echo "$name"; \
          echo -n -e '\\033[m' ;\
          git config --get-regexp ^$name\\..*$2+ | \
          cut -c 1-40 | \
          sed -e s/^$name.// \
          -e s/\\ /\\ $(printf $sep)--\\>\\ / | \
          column -t -s $(printf $sep) | \
          sort -k 1 ;\
      }; f"
  

ls

[alias]
  ls           = "!git status -suno"
  ls-modified  = "!git status --porcelain -uno | awk 'match($1, /M/) {print $2}'"
  ls-added     = "!git status --porcelain -uno | awk 'match($1, /A/) {print $2}'"
  ls-deleted   = "!git status --porcelain -uno | awk 'match($1, /D/) {print $2}'"
  ls-renamed   = "!git status --porcelain -uno | awk 'match($1, /R/) {print $2}'"
  ls-copied    = "!git status --porcelain -uno | awk 'match($1, /C/) {print $2}'"
  ls-updated   = "!git status --porcelain -uno | awk 'match($1, /U/) {print $2}'"
  ls-staged    = "!git status --porcelain -uno | grep -P '^[MA]' | awk '{ print $2 }'"
  ls-untracked = "!git status --porcelain -uall | awk '$1 == \"??\" {print $2}'"

git alias escaping

[alias]
  # https://stackoverflow.com/a/39616600/2940319
  # Quote / unquote a sh command, converting it to / from a git alias string
  quote-string = "!read -r l; printf \\\"!; printf %s \"$l\" | sed 's/\\([\\\"]\\)/\\\\\\1/g'; printf \" #\\\"\\n\" #"
  quote-string-undo = "!read -r l; printf %s \"$l\" | sed 's/\\\\\\([\\\"]\\)/\\1/g'; printf \"\\n\" #"

check help in previw.app

$ MANWIDTH=80 MANPAGER='col -bx' git help rev-parse |
              groff -P-pa4 -Tps -mandoc -c |
              open -f -a Preview.app

disk size

# reachable objects
$ git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all

# plus reflogs
$ git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all --reflog

# total disk size used
$ du -c .git/objects/pack/*.pack .git/objects/??/*
# alternative to du: add up "size" and "size-pack" fields
$ git count-objects -v

# report the disk size of each branch
$ git for-each-ref --format='%(refname)' |
  while read branch; do
    size=$(git rev-list --disk-usage --objects HEAD..$branch)
    echo "$size $branch"
  done |
  sort -n

# compare the on-disk size of branches in one group of refs, excluding another
$ git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --remotes=$suspect --not --remotes=origin

How is git commit sha1 formed

[!NOTE|label:references:]

• How is the Git hash calculated?